Thequestionshowdecisionmakingprocessesareefficientlydeveloped,howdecisionmakersareaccuratelytakingintoaccountsourcesofknowledgeandhowthisknowledgeitselfishandledandcommunicated,arecrucialtothedevelopmentofoursociety.
如何有效地發(fā)展決策過(guò)程、決策者如何準(zhǔn)確地考慮到知識(shí)的來(lái)源以及如何處理和傳播這些知識(shí)本身，這些問(wèn)題對(duì)我們社會(huì)的發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。
TheexhibitionAntonymsActOnition,curatedbyZaneMellupeandorganizedbyWhyWhyArtandtheDepartmentofCultureandEducationoftheGermanGeneralConsulateinShanghai,withthesupportofEASAandifagalleryanActionperformedinpublicspacesbyindividualsandactiviststonotonlyacknowledgepersonalresponsibilitiesbutalsotoActOn,pointoutandchangetheunjustaspectsofsocialbehaviorshasinitiatedmoreconversationselaboratingonthephenomenologyofviolence.The12graphicsAntonymsagainstviolence,againstsexualassault,againstdomesticviolence,againstmentalviolence,againstemotionalviolence,againstculturalandspiritualviolence,againstprivilegeofknowledge,againstenvironmentalviolence,againstpowerabuse,againsteconomicabuse,andAntonymsagainstself-directedviolence—arethemainprotagonistsoftheforumsthathavebeendiscussedacrossdifferentdisciplines.These12antonymshopefullywillbecomeakindoftoolkitofculturalawarenesstofostercommunicationlikeanemojiofshyness,foundineveryone’smobilephones.Hopefully,insteadofdealingwiththeconsequencesofviolence,wecanthinkhowwecanpreventnewformsofviolence.
由ZaneMellupe策劃、Whywhart和德國(guó)駐上?？傤I(lǐng)事館文化和教育部組織、歐洲藝術(shù)與科學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)和ifagallery支持的“反義詞行動(dòng)”（AntonymsActOnition）展覽發(fā)起了更多關(guān)于暴力現(xiàn)象學(xué)的對(duì)話(huà)。這是一項(xiàng)由個(gè)人和積極分子們?cè)诠矆?chǎng)所進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)，其目的不僅是承認(rèn)個(gè)人責(zé)任，更是圍繞、指出并改變社會(huì)行為的不公正方面。反對(duì)暴力、反對(duì)性侵犯、反對(duì)家庭暴力、反對(duì)精神暴力、反對(duì)情感暴力、反對(duì)文化和精神暴力、反對(duì)知識(shí)特權(quán)、反對(duì)環(huán)境暴力、反對(duì)權(quán)力濫用、反對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)濫用和反對(duì)自我導(dǎo)向的暴力，這些構(gòu)成的十二圖是不同學(xué)科討論的內(nèi)容，也是論壇的主角。這12個(gè)反義詞有望成為促進(jìn)交流的文化意識(shí)工具包--就像每個(gè)人手機(jī)里的表情包一樣。希望我們能夠思考如何防止新形式的暴力，而不是處理暴力后的惡果。
WithintheframeworkoftheAntonymsexhibitionfourforumshavebeendiscussed:GenderViolence;IntellectualViolenceandthePowerofKnowledge;ViolenceandtheEnvironment;MentalViolence,MindStudiesandAI.Alltheseforumshavebeenbringingtogetherpeoplefromdifferentsectors,artists(AbbyRobinson,AlanFlesher,BaibaLadiga,CaterinaNotte,CharlesLeblanc,ChrisGill,DanaPopa,DennisJere,DanieleMattioli,ElenaMonzo,FlaviaBigi,FranciscoHauss,FredFarrow,G?k?enDilekAcay,HanBing,HazalFirat,IrinaBanari,JuliaScorna,KateTipler,KatherinGutierrez,KathrynGohmert,KeZhou,KuriharaTadashi,LeahBourdin,LeroyBrothers,MariaDasDores,MonikaLin,NiamhCunningham,PanosDimitropoulos,PaulinaOtylieSurys,PiersSecunda,RaulAlvaro,ReijiKobayashi,SamuelBourdin,SusanneJunker,VasilyBetin,VirginieLerouge,WeAre,YokyYuandZaneMellupe),culturalanthropologists(ZhouLei),sociologists(LiLimei,LiJing),lawstudies(WangJie),scientists(AntoninoMarciano’),psychiatristandneuroscientists(LiNing,LiuJia),AIengineers(CuiWei),softwaresasembodimentofAIhumans(GPT-3)andfieldworkersrepresentingpeoplewithspecialneeds(PengLinqian).
反義詞展覽包括四個(gè)論壇：性別暴力；智力暴力與知識(shí)的力量；暴力與環(huán)境；心理暴力、心理研究和人工智能。所有這些論壇都匯集了來(lái)自不同行業(yè)的人士，藝術(shù)家(AbbyRobinson,AlanFlesher,BaibaLadiga,CaterinaNotte,CharlesLeblanc,ChrisGill,DanaPopa,DennisJere,DanieleMattioli,ElenaMonzo,FlaviaBigi,FranciscoHauss,FredFarrow,G?k?enDilekAcay,HanBing,HazalFirat,IrinaBanari,JuliaScorna,KateTipler,KatherinGutierrez,KathrynGohmert,KeZhou,KuriharaTadashi,LeahBourdin,LeroyBrothers,MariaDasDores,MonikaLin,NiamhCunningham,PanosDimitropoulos,PaulinaOtylieSurys,PiersSecunda,RaulAlvaro,ReijiKobayashi,SamuelBourdin,SusanneJunker,VasilyBetin,VirginieLerouge,WeAre,YokyYu和ZaneMellupe)，文化人類(lèi)學(xué)家（周雷）、社會(huì)學(xué)家（李麗梅、李靜）、法學(xué)研究（王杰）、科學(xué)家（AntoninoMarciano），神經(jīng)科學(xué)家（李寧、劉佳）、AI工程師（崔煒）、作為AI人類(lèi)化身的軟件(GPT-3)和代表特殊需求人群的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)工作者（彭林倩）。
Avoidanceofviolence,oreventuallyitsenhancement,areinextricablyrelatedtothepowerofknowledge.Knowledgeisattheforefrontofanychallengeinvolvingdifferentgroupscompetingindifferentsocieties.Thesegroupsdistinguishonefromoneanothernotablybecauseofgender,ageandsoforth.Imbalanceintheembodimentandempowermentofknowledgeisoneofthewaysgenderandotherformsofinequalitiesmanifest.Denyingequalaccesstothispowerthusrepresentsasubtlebutextremelyefficientformofviolence,preventingequalitytobesociallyinstantiated.
避免暴力或加以改善，與知識(shí)的力量密不可分。知識(shí)是任何涉及不同社會(huì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的不同群體的挑戰(zhàn)的最前沿。這些群體因性別、年齡等原因而相互區(qū)別。在知識(shí)的體現(xiàn)和賦權(quán)方面的不平衡是性別和其他形式的不平等的表現(xiàn)方式之一。因此，拒絕平等獲得這種權(quán)力是一種微妙但極其有效的暴力形式，阻止平等在社會(huì)上得到體現(xiàn)。
Limitingaccesstoknowledgetracesbacktolimitingaccesstopower:worldwide,avoidingsharingknowledgecorrespondstocapitalisingonknowledge,forinterestsofonepartuponanother.Thisopensthepathwaytoawidephenomenologyofviolentusesofknowledge,eventuallydisplayingconflictsofinterestamongagentsandmainplayersinthesociety—worldwide,abusesofknowledgeencompasstargetingindividualsorgroupsofindividualsforeconomicalpurposes,processingconsumers’informationbymeansofbigdataanalysesandotherpowerfultools.
限制知識(shí)的獲取可以追溯到限制權(quán)力的獲?。菏澜缟希苊夥窒碇R(shí)相當(dāng)于將知識(shí)資本化，致使一個(gè)集團(tuán)的利益凌駕于另一集團(tuán)之上。這為暴力使用知識(shí)的廣泛現(xiàn)象學(xué)開(kāi)辟了道路，最終顯現(xiàn)人類(lèi)社會(huì)主要參與者之間的利益沖突——濫用知識(shí)還包括為了經(jīng)濟(jì)目的以個(gè)人或個(gè)人群體為目標(biāo)，通過(guò)大數(shù)據(jù)分析和其他強(qiáng)大的工具處理消費(fèi)者的信息。
Withinthisscenario,ArtificialIntelligence(AI)isoftenconsideredasoneofthemostimportantinventionsoftheXX-XXIcenturies,withfundamentalimplicationstothefateofhumanity.AsstatedinthethreelawsofroboticsbyIsaacAsimov,asingularity,orstrongAIphase,mustbeatanycostavoided,topreventtremendousconsequencesaffectingitsverysamecreators,humankind.Indeed,botshavealreadymadestatementsabouttakingoverhumanity,prospectingapossiblethreat.
在這種情況下，人工智能(AI)經(jīng)常被認(rèn)為是20-21世紀(jì)最重要的發(fā)明之一，對(duì)人類(lèi)的命運(yùn)有著根本性的影響。正如IsaacAsimov在《機(jī)器人學(xué)三定律》中所說(shuō)，必須不惜一切代價(jià)避免奇點(diǎn)或強(qiáng)人工智能階段，以防止對(duì)其創(chuàng)造者人類(lèi)的巨大影響。事實(shí)上，機(jī)器人已經(jīng)發(fā)表了關(guān)于接管人類(lèi)的聲明，探索可能的威脅。
Atthesametime,AIandmoderntechnologiescanbedeployedinordertofacilitatelifeconditionsofseveralindividualandpeoplegroups,includingpeoplewithspecialneeds.Theabilitytolistentodifferenthistories,collectingdataofdifferentexperiencesastrainingsamples,effectivelyimplementsascanoverallpossibilitiesinlife,whichincarnatesthegreatsuccessofAI.Conversely,datastorageandtheuseofinformationthatshouldremainanonymous,providesamatterofconcernandnaturallyleadstothetopicofAIEthic.Fromatheoreticalpointofview,thislatteroneisalsoconnectedtotheissueofexplainabilityofAI,andtherelatedtrustworthinessofthealgorithmsthatareimplementedforbothsocialandindividualuses.
同時(shí)，人工智能和現(xiàn)代技術(shù)可以被加以利用，以改善個(gè)人和人群的生活條件，包括有特殊需要的人。人工智能的巨大成功表現(xiàn)在能夠傾聽(tīng)不同的歷史，收集不同經(jīng)歷的數(shù)據(jù)作為訓(xùn)練樣本，有效地實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)生活中所有可能性的掃描。相反，必要的匿名數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)和信息使用造成了一個(gè)令人擔(dān)憂(yōu)的問(wèn)題，并自然地引出人工智能倫理的話(huà)題。從理論的角度來(lái)看，后一個(gè)問(wèn)題也與人工智能的可解釋性問(wèn)題，以及為社會(huì)和個(gè)人用途實(shí)現(xiàn)的算法的相關(guān)可信度問(wèn)題有關(guān)。
AIhasbeendevelopingunprecedentedtoolsforautomateddatacompression,informationprocessingandcryptography.Quantuminformationandquantumcomputationalmodelsinphysicshavebeenprovidingfurtherknowledgetorealiseconcretetechnologicallyadvanceddevices.Thedevelopmentofcryptographyandnon-fungibletokensopenthepathwaytothepossibilityofsigningcrypto-contractsandtheninstantiateaseriesofsolutionstailoredtothedevelopmentofmicro-economyactivities.TheimbalancegeneratedbyadisproportionedandunequaluseofAIyetrealisesapeculiarformofviolence,amongalargevarietyofpossibleothermanifestations.
人工智能一直在開(kāi)發(fā)前所未有的自動(dòng)化數(shù)據(jù)壓縮、信息處理和密碼學(xué)工具。物理學(xué)中的量子信息和量子計(jì)算模型為實(shí)現(xiàn)具體的技術(shù)先進(jìn)的設(shè)備提供了進(jìn)一步的知識(shí)。密碼學(xué)和不可替換代幣的發(fā)展為簽署密碼合同的可能性開(kāi)辟了道路，并為微觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的發(fā)展定制了一系列解決方案。在大量可能的其他表現(xiàn)形式中，由于不相稱(chēng)和不平等地使用人工智能而產(chǎn)生的不平衡卻形成了一種特殊的暴力形式。
Besidesthepowerofknowledgestandsthepowerofbelief.Witchcraftandothernon-mainstreamformsofbeliefhavebeenrecursivelybannedandostracisedforchallenginginstitutionalisedwesternreligiousframeworks,resultinginfurtheractionsofviolence.Asimilarfortunewasgrantedtothosestatementsappearingattheonsetofwesternscience.GiordanoBrunowasburnedinRomein1600bytheCatholicChurch,foraffirmingtheinfinityoftheUniverseandthenon-centralityofthesolarsystem.Afewdecadeslater,GalileoGalileiwasforcedbythesameCatholicChurchtoabjurehisthesesontheheliocentricsystem.Thespreadofknowledgeiscontrolledbythepowerofbelief:restrictedchancesarelefttothecrowdstoaccessknowledge.
除了知識(shí)的力量，還有信仰的力量。巫術(shù)和其他非主流信仰形式因挑戰(zhàn)制度化的西方宗教而一再被禁止和排斥，導(dǎo)致進(jìn)一步的暴力行動(dòng)。在西方科學(xué)誕生之初出現(xiàn)的那些陳述也獲得了類(lèi)似的財(cái)富。GiordanoBruno于1600年在羅馬被天主教會(huì)燒死，因?yàn)樗隙擞钪娴臒o(wú)限性和太陽(yáng)系的非中心性。幾十年后，伽利略被同一天主教會(huì)強(qiáng)迫放棄他關(guān)于日心說(shuō)的論文。知識(shí)的傳播是由信念的力量控制的：有限的獲取知識(shí)的機(jī)會(huì)留下給了人們。
Genderissuesarehenceconnectedtothephenomenonofinequalities.Indeed,genderdifferencesrepresentamaintargetofviolenceandasourceforlastinginequalities.Sexualabuseisnotablyaprimaryformofviolence,towhichfieldworkerstrytoreact,accordingtotheefficiencyofhelplines.Divorcepoliciesandnewlawshavebeenpondered,andpartlyinstantiated,inordertorevertthissituation.Forthispurpose,itisrelevanttoemphasizethenecessityofsexeducationatschool.Itisindeedonlythroughculturalrepresentationandeducationongendersthatequalopportunitiescanbereachedoneday.
因此，性別問(wèn)題與不平等現(xiàn)象有關(guān)。事實(shí)上，性別差異是暴力的一個(gè)主要目標(biāo)，也是持續(xù)不平等的根源。性虐待顯然是暴力的主要形式，根據(jù)求助熱線(xiàn)的效率，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)工作人員試圖對(duì)此作出回應(yīng)。對(duì)離婚政策和新的法律的思考仍在進(jìn)行著，并有部分已經(jīng)加以實(shí)施，以扭轉(zhuǎn)這種局面。為此目的，需要強(qiáng)調(diào)在學(xué)校進(jìn)行性教育的必要性。只有通過(guò)文化代表性和性別教育，才有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)平等機(jī)會(huì)。
Anotherrelevantdynamicinvolvesatthesametimeenvironment,powerofknowledgeandbelief.Protectingtheenvironmentisapriorityofthecontemporarymorallandscape.Withinthisscenariofallsthewayhowenvironmentstandardizationisaffectingpeoplesoutsidestandards.Wedefineenvironmentnotonlyasaphysicalbutalsoasavirtualoron-linespace,andinrelationtopeoplewithspecialneedsandtoindividualexperience.
另一個(gè)重要的動(dòng)力同時(shí)涉及環(huán)境、知識(shí)和信仰的力量。保護(hù)環(huán)境是當(dāng)代道德景觀(guān)的優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)。在這種情況下，環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化如何影響標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之外的人們。我們不僅將環(huán)境定義為一個(gè)物理的空間，而且將其定義為一個(gè)虛擬的或線(xiàn)上的空間，并與有特殊需求的人和個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)相關(guān)聯(lián)。
Ontheotherside,knowledgerepresentsoneofthemainpillarsuponwhichmodernityisfounded.Developingandretainingknowledgecorrespondstoholdingandexertingpower,asknowledgeamountsnowadaystotheabilitytoalternateandremodelboththephysicalandthesocialenvironments,inawaythatenablestomatchneedsandmeetexpectationsasaddressedbythemainagentsofdifferentsocieties.Worldwide,imbalanceandinequalityontheknowledgesharingprocessnaturallycontributestotheissueofviolenceamongtheagentgroupswithindifferentsocieties.
另一方面，知識(shí)是現(xiàn)代性賴(lài)以建立的主要支柱之一。發(fā)展和保留知識(shí)相當(dāng)于掌握和發(fā)揮權(quán)力，因?yàn)橹R(shí)現(xiàn)在相當(dāng)于改變和改造物質(zhì)環(huán)境和社會(huì)環(huán)境的能力，能夠滿(mǎn)足不同社會(huì)主要行動(dòng)者的需要和期望。在世界范圍內(nèi)，知識(shí)共享過(guò)程中的不平衡和不平等自然助長(zhǎng)了不同社會(huì)中代理人群體之間的暴力問(wèn)題。
KnowledgenaturallyencodesnotonlyAI,butalsothedisciplineofmindtheory,towhichwecanrelate,theoretically,thephenomenologyofmentalviolence.Mentalviolenceisacomplexphenomenonthatdeservestobeaddressedfromdifferentperspectives,involvingpsychoanalysis,neuroscienceandmindstudies.Whileoriginatinginspecificpersonalandsocialcontexts,mentalviolencetranscendstheexperienceofindividualsandcommunities,torepresentanexistentialconditionofmankind.Thisformofviolencemaybeevenexertedinahedonisticway,oratmostinagnoseologicalone,inordertoexplorethecognitivelimitsofhumanmind,andaddressitssecretsplaces,originofartisticandscientificcreativity.
知識(shí)不僅自然地編碼人工智能，同時(shí)也編碼心理理論的學(xué)科，我們可以從理論上把心理暴力的現(xiàn)象學(xué)與心理理論聯(lián)系起來(lái)。精神暴力是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)象，需要從不同的角度來(lái)研究，涉及精神分析、神經(jīng)科學(xué)和心智研究。精神暴力雖然源于特定的個(gè)人和社會(huì)背景，但它超越了個(gè)人和社區(qū)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，代表了人類(lèi)的一種生存狀態(tài)。這種形式的暴力甚至可能以享樂(lè)主義的方式進(jìn)行，或者至多以靈知學(xué)的方式進(jìn)行，以探索人類(lèi)思維的認(rèn)知極限，并窺探其中的奧秘——藝術(shù)和科學(xué)創(chuàng)造力的起源。
Whilepreparingthisseriesofevents,theCovid-19pandemicbrokeoutandisstillwithus–thishasallowedthewholeworldtofeelthepresenceofviolenceevenstronger.Mobilitywasandisrestricted.Peopleareseparatedbydistanceandsecurityforces.Oftentimespeoplehavebeenforcedtostaytogetherinlimitedspacesforanextendedtimeperiod.Thishasmadepeoplemoreconsciousofviolenceatworkandinsociety:economicviolence,environmentalviolence,andinequalityofhowknowledgeisspreadinsociety.
在準(zhǔn)備這一系列活動(dòng)期間爆發(fā)新冠肺炎疫情，疫情至今仍在延續(xù)著，這讓全世界更加強(qiáng)烈地感受到暴力的存在。有很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間出行受到限制，人們因?yàn)榫嚯x和安全措施相隔。人們常常被迫在有限的空間里隔離很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。這使人們更加意識(shí)到工作和社會(huì)中的暴力：經(jīng)濟(jì)暴力、環(huán)境暴力以及知識(shí)在社會(huì)中傳播的不平等。
Text by Zane Mellupe & Antonino Marciano
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